A Tale Of Alexander Romance And A True Story - 1783 Words

A Marvelous World: The Uses of Fantasy in The Alexander Romance and A True Story There is great contrast between the uses of fantasy in The Alexander Romance by Pseudo-Callisthenes and A True Story by Lucian. Pseudo-Callisthenes uses the fantastical elements in his novel to reveal certain characteristics of his main character, Alexander, which are both positive such as his creativity and intelligence and negative such as his hubris. Lucian uses the marvelous to satirize his society especially the elements he viewed as unfeasible including the domain of philosophy. Thus, he problematizes this domain and certain people within it, such as Plato by combining real figures with fantastical elements. Precluding the birth of Alexander, exposure†¦show more content†¦Another major fantastical motif seen in the Alexander Romance is that of flight. Alexander’s flight to heaven is an influential moment for the character of Alexander. On one hand this episode enhances his traditional characterization, which includes elements such as creativity, ambition and cle verness . Alexander’s strategic abilities and creativity are displayed in this situation. This is demonstrated by the creation with which constructs in order to achieve his fantastical ends. After capturing two birds in the area Alexander constructed â€Å"something like a yolk to be made of timber and for it to be attached to their necks.† The device continued as Alexander â€Å"made a sort of basket from ox-hide† This demonstrates Alexander’s creative abilities as he utilizes the materials available to him in order to achieve his ends. His strategic abilities in this situation are displayed as he ordered the birds â€Å"not to be given food for three days†. When Alexander gets into the basket to fly with the birds he is holding â€Å"a spear about seven cubits long with horse liver on its tip† This caused the birds to fly â€Å"up to eat the liver†. This shows his ability to strategize and deduce that the best way to fly the hig hest the fastest would be to starve the birds and then urge them on with food . His ambition is highlighted in this situation as he â€Å"wondered whether the end of the earth was really here and whether the sky slopedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Southeastern Native American Literature1215 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of mythological stories from informants during his years of fieldwork among the Eastern Band of the Cherokee in western North Carolina; Mooney incorporated that material into the important compilation Myths of the Cherokee (1900). A century later, folklorist Barbara R. 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Then there is the story of a patriot who cares for his people and is only doing what he must to protect them from the invading armies. The latterRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesrevivals and periods of renewed interest. In Elizabethan England—the era during which Shakespeare’s sonnets were written—the sonnet was the form of choice for lyric poets, particularly lyric poets seeking to engage with traditional themes of love and romance. (In addition to Shakespeare’s monumental sequence, the Astrophel and Stella sequence by Sir Philip Sydney stands as one of the most importa nt sonnet sequences of this period.) Sonnets were also written during the height of classical English verseRead MoreComparing Fyodor Dostoevsky s The Gambler And The Beautiful And Damned 3470 Words   |  14 Pagescompulsions and intensifies his addiction for sensation which eventually consumes him. 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The Mechanical Characteristics Of Soft Tissue - 2254 Words

The mechanical characteristics of soft tissue are the basis for several clinical and nonclinical research studies, such as brain surgical simulation or breast needle biopsy (Kaster et al., 2011; O’Hagan Samani, 2009). Usually, anomalies found within the breast are investigated by palpation techniques, in which responses of soft tissue to large deformation are utilized (Goodson, 1996). Recent research on the mechanical properties of soft tissue under compressive load has revealed that tissues exhibit a linear stress-strain relationship at low strain and nonlinear behavior at high strain (Fung, 1993; Kaster et al., 2011; O’Hagan Samani, 2009; Tsukune et al., 2011). Some researchers have recommended mathematical models to describe the nonlinearity of soft tissue (Kaster et al., 2011; K Miller, 1999; O’Hagan Samani, 2009; Carolyn J Sparrey Keaveny, 2011). The importance of nonlinear responses of soft tissue to compressive load in clinical breast examination highlighted the need for launching a comprehensive study on the hyperelastic characterization of in-vitro and in-vivo soft tissues, to enhance clinical approaches including the detection of breast cancer. The observed mechanical behavior of different breast biopsy phantoms validated the statement proposed in several breast examination methods that breast fat, and glandular and cancerous tissues behave differently mechanically (O’Hagan Samani, 2008; Price et al., 2010). Moreover, there was a consistent correlationShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Soft Tissue Constituent Materials1422 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify the effect of soft tissue constituent materials in tissue classification for the application of breast cancer detection. Hyperelastic parameters may be essential in estimating large deformation in tissue for the purpose of surgical procedures such as breast brachytherapy. These properties of human soft tissue play a significant role in diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of cancer (O’Hagan Samani, 2009). On the other hand, elastography is based mainly on the concept of tissue reactions (linearRead MoreThe Effect Of Compression Over Bioimpedance Of Healthy Soft Tissue1658 Words   |  7 Pagescompression over bioimpedance of healthy soft tissue (in-vitro and in-vivo). Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising tissue characterization and tumor detection technique that uses tissue impedance or admittance to characterize tissue and identify tissue properties as well as cell structure. Variation in EIS measurements while applying pressure suggests that compression tends to affect soft tissue bioimpedance. 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ECM-like matrix systems could provide an appropriate niche and biological cues for accelerating the regeneration of tissues and organs.1 The cells and their respective surrounding ECM are needed in an engineered tissue, as their interactions are reciprocal.2 The cells within native tissue continuously remodel the ECM, induce microenvironment changes while environment regulate gene expression, and determine cell phenotype.2,3 Therefore, the challengeRead MoreHow Does It Works And How It Is Used2427 Words   |  10 Pagespalpation. This technique, among its several uses, allows to estimate changes in the mechanica l properties of tissue when the presence of a diseases is suspected. A typical use of this technique is in the breast cancer examination: the cancer is often revealed as a stiffening of glandular tissue, which would be normally soft. Even though palpation remains an important tool for clinicians, its limited use only to accessible tissue, its limited disease detectability and spatial discrimination, and the subjectivenessRead MoreThe Human Body And The Musculoskeletal System1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthe muscles and bones (Aldwin). These functions are essential to the mobility and strength of the adult population in order to preserve their quality of life. The two main age-related changes that are seen in this system pertain to the bones and soft tissues. Bone is the fundamental part of the musculoskeletal system because it provides structure and strength for the body. 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After the ingestion of cooked food, mechanical processing occurs. This is where organs such as teeth are responsible for the initial breakdown of food. It has been our ancestors adaptation to cooked food that has caused us to develop smaller jaws, mouth, and teeth over several generations whereasRead MoreExperiment Using Fluid Flow And Study The Loading Conditions At The Cellular Level Of A Tissue Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pages1 In the first part of our problem where we design an experiment using fluid flow to mimic and study the loading conditions at the cellular level of a tissue involved in our strength activity which is the squat, we decided to look at the endothelial cells that line the interior surface of the blood vessels along the rectus femoris muscle tissue. To do this, we used the parallel-plate flow chamber device. 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Waste Disposal on Cat Ba Island Free Essays

At present, the waste disposal issue on Cat Ba Island is still seriously concerned. Mr. Sang Bui Quang, Director of Department of Natural Resources and Environment, said on website www. We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Disposal on Cat Ba Island or any similar topic only for you Order Now monre. gov. vn that waste management has not met environment protection requirements, there has not been waste treatment firms, and commonly discharge waste directly from ships into the sea. Consequently, it seems to impact on the environment, the scenery and also Cat Ba People. Waste disposal includes treatment in the land and on the water. In the land, Cat Ba has only one landfill, Dong Trong. It is not far from Hung Son block( about 8km), the point of storing rubbish through all sites of Cat Ba and surrounding areas with the volume of 40m3/day. Each day, the rubbish is buried and prayed three times. However, the landfill has not met hygienic standards so that the pollution here is adversely affecting people’s lives in this area. In reality, there are some campaigns to dispose the situation, but it is not effective. The landfill still has rising smoke and the unbearable stench so that flies and mosques are crowded there and surrounding areas. Assigned to Cat Hai public construction and urban service company to collect, transport and dispose rubbish in the area of Cat Ba, including handling baggage pollution of Dong Trong. Despite great efforts to minimize pollution affects people’s lives, the district also can process according to the method of chemical spraying, burial. There is no way to remedy the situation thoroughly cell infection here. On the water, waste disposal has met more difficulty. In the bay, there are 123 cages, including 106 aquaculture cages and 17 cages with people living, which is the main reason for water pollution. Although each cage has its own trash, the big amount of rubbish into the water (i. e. waste water, fish, food†¦). Waste from the fishing vessel and the fish cages are at risk of causing environmental pollution at the alarming level. Fishing boats use big plastic bags to marinate fis, they scratch those and throw into the sea before moving up onto the shore. According to Mr. Bay Vu Tien, there is also a collecting ship to take rubbish from cages to the land. But it just counts for 30% of the waste. The baggage is floating on the water that makes a bad image about Cat Ba environment in tourists’ mind. How to cite Waste Disposal on Cat Ba Island, Essay examples

Specialization and Economic Organization Scale †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Specialization and Economic Organization Scale. Answer: Introduction Over the years, the economic patterns in the global scenario have undergone significant dynamics and changes owing to the increasing integration and inclusiveness of the economies of the countries across the different parts of the world. Much of these dynamics in the economic activities can be attributed to the international phenomena like Globalization and Liberalization of most of the economies and their commercial sectors, which have helped in setting up commercial relations between different countries (Holland, 2018). Trade has developed with time, which in turn has led to development and flourishment of different industries in different countries and has helped in making different businesses going global. There are several factors which have considerable implications on these production and trading activities of the nations, thereby having visible impacts on the development of the economies of these countries. One of such factors of considerable importance is popularly known as the concept of Economies of Scale in the theoretical framework of economics (Polkinghorn, 2016). Taking this into consideration the concerned essay tries to discuss the concept of economies of scale in the light of the theoretical framework of economics, thereby discussing the real-life application of the same in the global economic scenario and the contribution of the same in the economic growth and development of different regions across the world with time. As discussed above, economics, as a separate domain itself, has considerable relevance and implications on the real life economic scenarios of the world as a whole and on the countries in specific. One of such economic principle is known as the economies of scale. There exist different explanations and definitions of the term, which have also changed with time. However, the most comprehensive explanation of the term is that it refers to the advantages in terms of cost of production, which a producer or a firm enjoys with increase in the level of output with time (Carlino, 2012). To understand the concept of economies of scale and how it works it is important to know about the structure of the cost of production of goods and services which is usually incurred by the company. There are usually two types of costs incurred by a firm while carrying out the production activities (Baumol Blinder, 2015). These costs are: Fixed cost- There are several costs which are incurred by the producers in their production process, which do not depend on the number of units of output produced by the company. These costs remain constant usually though a relevant range of production. Examples of such costs are rent, machineries, plants and similar other factors of production. Variable cost- These costs incurred by the firms in their production processes depend on the number of units of output produced by the firms. In general, the variable cost of production increase with the increase in the production of outputs, the rate of change varying with time. The primary examples of variable costs of production are those of wages, cost of buying intermediate materials and inputs required for production, utilities and similar commodities (Hall Lieberman, 2012). Therefore, total cost of production of goods and services can be shown as follows: Total Cost (TC) = Total Fixed Cost (TFC)+Total Variable Cost (TVC) Thus, as the producers start with their production activities, initially the fixed cost of production may seem to be high in many cases. However, with the increase in the number of units of output, the average fixed cost goes on decreasing (Harrison, 2017). This can be shown with the help of the following formula: Average Cost of Production (AC) = Total Cost (TC)/Total Quantity (Q) Therefore, AC = (TFC/Q) + (TVC/Q) AC = AFC + AVC With the increase in Q, TFC remining constant, (TFC/Q) decreases which implies that there is a reduction in the average fixed cost of production. The greater the quantity of output which is produced by the suppliers, the lower is the average fixed cost of production. This inverse relationship between the production of output and the average fixed cost of production gives rise to an advantage in the cost of production, which is known as the Economies of Scale in the conceptual framework (Rader, 2014). Often, with the increase in production, the average variable costs of production also decrease, owing to the acquired efficiencies in the operational framework with time. Thus, together these factors lead to fall in the average cost of per unit of output with the increase in the production of output. This phenomenon is known as economies of scale or increasing returns to scale in production (Varian, 2014). This can be shown with the help of the following figure, showing the dynamics in t he long run average cost of production of the companies: As can be seen from the above figure, in the initial phase, with the increase in the production of output the average cost of production falls, thereby leading to economies of scale. However, with all the things remaining same, after some point of time, the cost of production remains constant with the increase in output, followed by a phase where the increase in the production of output leads to an increase in the average cost of production again, which economic terms is known as the Diseconomies of Scale (Wiseman, 2014). Causes of economies of scale There usually remains several factors contributing to the occurrence of economies of scale in the production process of a company. Some of the primary ones are discussed as follows: Cheaper Materials- As the production companies go on increasing their business and production, they set up long term relationships with the suppliers of the inputs which are required for the production of their commodities. This in turn helps the producers in negotiating better for the prices of the materials required for the production of their commodities. This in turn, lowers their cost of production, thereby contributing to the economies of scale in the long run (Balassa, 2013). Skills of the labour- Efficiency of labours is a chief cause for the occurrence of economies of scale in a company. Companies hiring trained labour get the benefit of higher levels of production and the increase in the cost of the firms in hiring trained labours over untrained ones is more than compensated by the increase in the productivity which the firm experiences due to the involvement of the trained labours. This, thus, leads to the initiation of economies of scale in the production processes of the firms. Technological innovations- With time there occurs innovations in the technological aspects of the production process of the firms. Incorporation of such new and improved technologies in the production activities either reduces the cost of production of each unit of product or increases the quality of the products produced by the firm, thereby resulting in the economies of scale for the concerned firms (Yang Ng, 2015). Apart from these factors, other attributes like efficient leaderships, proper maintenance of financial asset usage and strong supply chain management can contribute in the formation of economies of scale in the companies. Types of economies of scale The phenomenon of economies of scale can be broadly classified into two types, depending on the nature of the economies of scale and the reasons for their occurrence. These are as follows: These two types of economies of scale and their characteristics are discussed as follows: Internal Economies of Scale- This type of economies of scale occur within the firm itself, subjective to the cost advantages which the firm itself enjoys due to the expansion of its scale of production. These advantages occur to the concerned firm, independently, irrespective of the actions and payoffs enjoyed by other firms in the same industry or in the industry with linkages with the concerned firm. These economies of scale are highly subjective to the firms experiencing the same and are not results of any kind of broad innovations or changes in the structure of overall production processes ("Economies of Scale - Definition, Types, Effects of Economies of Scale", 2018). The main types of internal economies of scale are as follows: Technical Economies of Scale- A firm enjoys this type of internal economies of scale by incorporating better technologies, better machines and production increasing techniques, which leads an increase in the production and a simultaneous decrease in the average cost of production. Economies of By-Products Usage- Often the by-products which come out in the process of production of a commodity can be used by the firms for different purposes or are sold by the firms to some other producers or consumers, thereby increasing the economic advantages of the production of that particular commodity. Labour Economies of Scale- There remains a large number of workers in the production process of large firms, each having different types of talents and skills. Division of work responsibilities and allocation of works to the labours according to their skills can lead to specialization, which by saving time and encouraging inventions in different domains leads to an overall cost of production (Kemeny Storper, 2015). Economies of research and development- The innovative attitude of the research and development teams present in the companies often help them in building and implementing innovative processes which help in cutting the cost of production of goods and services without compromising on the qualities. This in turn leads to the occurrence of economies of scale. External Economies of Scale- These types of economies of scale refer to the cost advantages or other forms of economic gains which are enjoyed by all the firms in a particular industry due to the growth of the industry itself. This benefits percolate to the firms by the virtue of the overall development of the industry in which the firm operates. Examples of such external economies of scale are overall technological innovations, an overall fall of the cost of production and similar incidents. The different types of external economies of scale can be explained as follows: Economies of Concentration- This type of external economies of scale occurs when a number of similar firms from the same industry are localized in the same place. This helps the firms by creating advantages in terms of same skilled labours, setting up of linked industries and financial institutions and development of transport, communication and other infrastructural facilities in the area, thereby leading to a fall in the cost of production for all the firms. Economies of Information- Often conducting research on innovations can be beneficial for a firm in the long run but can be too costly for a single firm to do the same single handed. In such cases, if all the firms pool together their resources for this purpose, better and more comprehensive research can take place, the fruits of which can be enjoyed by all the firms in the same industry, thereby helping them all to enjoy economies of scale. Economies of Disintegration- With the growth of an industry and the firms in the same, the production processes usually become more complex and multi-dimensional, which in turn may lead to the outsourcing of some of the activities to the specialized firms (Jovanovi?, 2015). This tendency of outsourcing, on one hand leads to the reduction of the cost of production of the main firms, thereby leading to the creation of economies of scale for them and on the other hand, may help in the growth of those linked and specialized firms to whom these activities are outsourced. This in turn, eventually helps these companies also to develop economies of scale in their production process management. The internal and external economies of scale are however related to each other and there lies bilateral cause and effect relationships between the same, thereby leading to a comprehensive and integrated growth of the firms individually and to an overall growth of the industry as a whole. Application of the concept of economies of scale in economic development of regions The concept of economies of scale and its implications on the development of economies across the world, was first proposed by Adam Smith. Adam Smith tried to explain the concept of economies of scale in terms of specialization of labour and their implications in the increase in the productivity, thereby on the overall development of the economies (Lewis, 2013). According to his assertions, as the companies increase their production activities, they hire more labours, which in turn leads to the scopes of dividing and sub-dividing the different activities and allocating the same to the workers on the basis of their skills and capabilities. This enables the workers to concentrate on the tasks assigned to them more efficiently as they have lesser varieties of task to perform (Freeman, 2013). The workers eventually develop special skills in the jobs which they perform, which enables them to perform their task much more efficiently than any other worker. This overall increase in the efficiency in the production process helps the firms in saving time as well as cost of production, thereby leading to economies of scale. The application of economies of scale in trade can be seen to be proposed by David Ricardo, who in his Competitive Advantage Theory asserts that if the countries concentrate on the production of only those commodities and services in which they have specialized resources and which they can produce at lower costs than other countries and can exchange the same for those commodities where they do not have competitive advantages, then the overall welfare of all the countries can be increased (Costino Donaldson, 2012). Impacts on development of economies This economy of scale leads to multi-dimensional effects on the overall economy and its development. On the positive side, the economies of scale in several industries in an economy leads to the development of those industries, contributing to the cost efficiencies in the production of those commodities and services. This helps the firms to provide their commodities to the consumers at a much lower cost, thereby increasing the welfare of the consumers, by increasing their purchasing power (Ouyang Fu, 2012). The development of the industries, attributed to the economies can lead to creation of robust forward as well as backward linkages. The backward linkages of an industry refer to those industries which supply inputs to the concerned industry with economies of scale and the forward linkages are those industries who use the products of the concerned industry in their production process. Thus, economies of scale of an industry, leads to further growth of the same, thereby creating more demand for inputs, which help the backward linkages to develop (Rabellotti, 2016). On the other hand, increased cost effectiveness of the concerned industry leads to reduction in cost of production of forward linkage, thereby creating scopes of economies of scale in these industries too. Example: Development of economies of scale in the steel industry can lead growth of the iron ore industry (backward linkage) as well as development of the railway industry (forward linkage). Thus, together, these developments help in creating more jobs, more trade possibilities as well as more productive activities in the economy, thereby leading to the economic development of a region (Camagni, 2017). However, often the creation of economies of scale in some firms in an industry, lead to the increase in their power, competencies and market shares, thereby threatening the small firms in the same industry. Many small firms move out of the market, which reduces the competition in the industries, increasing the monopoly powers of the big ones. This may be detrimental for the economic development of the regions, in terms of loss of consumers welfare as well as loss of potential firms and production scopes. Conclusion The phenomenon of economies of scale is considerably relevant to the production activities of the firms and industries in all parts of the world over the years. The effects of economies of scale can be wide ranged. While the positive effects lead to overall development of production sectors of an economy, increase in the consumers welfare, thereby contributing to the growth of the economies, the negative effects can lead to unfair competitions, monopolistic trends, high prices and loss of consumers welfare, thereby hampering the development of the regions to some extent. References Balassa, B. (2013).The Theory of Economic Integration (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Camagni, R. (2017). Regional competitiveness: towards a concept of territorial capital. InSeminal Studies in Regional and Urban Economics(pp. 115-131). Springer, Cham. Carlino, G. A. (2012).Economies of scale in manufacturing location: theory and measure(Vol. 12). Springer Science Business Media. Costinot, A., Donaldson, D. (2012). Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage: old idea, new evidence.American Economic Review,102(3), 453-58. Economies of Scale - Definition, Types, Effects of Economies of Scale. (2018).Corporate Finance Institute. Retrieved 2 April 2018, from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/economies-of-scale/ Freeman, C. (2013).Economics of industrial innovation. Routledge. Hall, R. E., Lieberman, M. (2012).Microeconomics: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning. Harrison, A. J. (2017).Economics and land use planning. Routledge. Holland, J. H. (2018). The global economy as an adaptive process. InThe economy as an evolving complex system(pp. 117-124). CRC Press. Jovanovi?, M. N. (2015).The economics of international integration. Edward Elgar Publishing. Kemeny, T., Storper, M. (2015). Is specialization good for regional economic development?.Regional Studies,49(6), 1003-1018. Lewis, W. A. (2013).Theory of economic growth(Vol. 7). Routledge. Ouyang, P., Fu, S. (2012). Economic growth, local industrial development and inter-regional spillovers from foreign direct investment: Evidence from China.China Economic Review,23(2), 445-460. Polkinghorn, A. (2016). Economies of scale.The British journal of general practice: the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners,66(648), 351-351. Rabellotti, R. (2016).External economies and cooperation in industrial districts: a comparison of Italy and Mexico. Springer. Rader, T. (2014).Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Wiseman, H. J. (2014). Remedying regulatory diseconomies of scale.BUL Rev.,94, 235. Yang, X., Ng, Y. K. (2015).Specialization and economic organization: A new classical microeconomic framework(Vol. 215). Elsevier.

Analytical Essay Sample on Modernity in Australian Architecture Factors of Evolution

Analytical Essay Sample on Modernity in Australian Architecture Factors of Evolution Introduction Australian architecture has undergone considerable evolution to reach its current state. The architectural transformations within the country had many underpinning factors. This situation enabled the country to keep abreast with the changing trends across the world, particularly within the European and the American blocks. In view of this background, this paper explores the distinctive elements in Australias engagement with Architectural Modernism or high Modernism. Post-war reflection The world war one and the great depression influenced the Australian architecture by triggering the need for a new mindset for demonstrating regeneration and growth within the country. The journey of modernization forced past traditions to give way to new styles and trends (Modern Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). Through this, modernization promoted evolution of architecture based on the availability of technologies, new materials, as well as ideals (Howells Nicholson 121). This opened up new possibilities and methods of achieving building and planning. American influence The unique climatic conditions in Australia prompted the need for adaptations. Because of this, the American urban designs, particularly those created by Richardson offered significant influences in Australian modern architectural trends (Architecture, Architecturestyles.org). This led to the diversification of cultural tastes, as well as the needs of an increasingly multicultural Australian society. Distinctive Australias engagement with Architectural Modernism (high Modernism) The Australian modernist architecture places emphasis on function. The architecture provides for specific needs instead of imitating nature. Main features evident in this architecture include functionality, minimalism, and geometric shapes. The new technologies and techniques freed Australian architects from past engineering limitations, thereby enabling them to come up with new rational designs that the base of a buildings function (Modern Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). The new materials included steel, reinforced concrete and glass. They were mass produced, inexpensive and flexible to use. This transformed the conservative tendency within Australian society. Some distinctive elements of Australian architecture have come about due to climate, place, history, and identity. The modern Australian architecture is an expression of a local identity that balances the ideals of art and architecture against the prevailing local climate and social realities (Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). The most modern Australian architecture features bold and strong horizontal spandrels. They also have long windows for letting in maximum daylight. They also have single span across every floor, which means that no columns interrupt the interior spaces. Architects such as Robin Boyd, Harry Seidler and Roy Grounds contributed significantly to the realization of modern Australian architecture (Australian Institute of Architects, Architecture.com.au). They applied modernist-style principles into homes in the Australian, thereby giving a new sense of architecture, distinctive in the Australian context. Buildings Federation houses are examples of distinctive Australian architecture. This was the version of the English Edwardian House. It uses Australian motifs, roof of terracotta tiles, detailed fretwork in the roof gables, as well as windows. This distinctive element has been evident in Australian modern architecture (Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). The distinctive aspects were that the houses were smaller, fireplaces located in a corner of the room to save space, and the houses required less painting and maintenance. Many houses had round sunrise motifs (Early Construction, Buildreport.com.au). For instance, it features in the Australian Federation Square. This architectural design in Melbourne creates a square for the future that embraces digital media, thereby creating a new experience of public realm. Distinctive Australian architectural adaptations or styles include Federation styles of residential architecture and the Queenslander. The styles have led to the development of iconic Australian designs, which include Melbourne Royal Exhibition Building, Sydney Opera House, and the 11 remnant penal colony sites chosen in 2010 for World Heritage protection (Architecture, Architecturestyles.org). Conclusion The Australian architecture borrowed considerably from other architectures, especially from Europe and North America. They transformed these architectures to meet the prevailing domestic conditions to give rise to distinct designs.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find(And Write About=) Essays - Free Essays

A Good Man Is Hard To Find(And Write About=) Essays - Free Essays A Good Man Is Hard To Find(And Write About=) Ravi B. Lucas April 18, 2000 A Good Man Is Hard to Find The story of A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor has been debated and analyzed so much because it can be interpreted one thousand different ways. OConnors characters are usually searching for an elusive salvation, and her stories illustrate her views on the human condition. Many spiritual themes weave their way through her work, but never seem to achieve their intended ends. In this story, groups of criminals massacre an entire family while their ringleader discusses theology with the family's grandmother, only a hundred feet away. The source of the misinterpretation of the storys crux emerges from two key characters that OConnor weaved together: the Grandmother, and the Misfit. These two are so complex because they stand for many different things. The most reasonable interpretation of these two characters is that they represent OConnors view on the evil in society. The story begins with the typical family challenged by their grandmother who does not want to take the vacation to Florida. She has read about a crazed killer by the name of the Misfit who is on the run heading for Florida. Unfortunately, she is ignored by ever member of the family except for the little girl June Star who has come to read her grandmother like a book. Ironically, the morning of the trip the grandmother is dressed in her best Sunday clothes and the first one in the car ready to travel as June Star predicted she would be. The grandmother's dress is very nice for a trip she was horrified to take only a day earlier. The grandmother festooned in white gloves, a navy blue dress, and a matching hat, only for the sole purpose of being recognized as a woman in case someone saw her dead on the highway. This logic may seem absurd to anyone who is unfamiliar with aged aristocratic southern culture. Southerners of a high class would dress in their fine clothes when they traveled o n vacations, especially ladies. The reader is clued into the grandmother's shallow thoughts of death. In the grandmother's mind, her clothing preparations prevent any doubts about her status as a fine lady. However, the Misfit later points out, There never was a body that gave the undertaker a tip. The grandmother's superficial readiness for death is a bleak characteristic and revealed when she encounters the Misfit. She shows herself to be the least prepared for death when she is left alone with him. As the trip progresses, the children reveal themselves as brats, mainly out of O'Connor's desire to illustrate the lost admiration for the familys respect for their grandmother. The family lost their respect for their grandmother only because she proposed a different life style. She was part of a Southern aristocratic culture where people behaved much more conservatively. Her beliefs, attitudes, and morals were from another time where people respected what older people had to say, and what they stood for. Naturally, she was never reluctant to share her opinion on matters, and was a little forceful about sharing her thoughts. She made sure to watch over her son, and kept a grip on what he did- even as a grown man. She refused to retire and become a composed old woman. She wanted to stay involved in the familys matters, and show that she was still an significant person with the knowledge that came with her age. Consequently, with all her bickering the family began to hold a grudge agai nst her. The Grandmother lacked comprehension, and did not know that she became annoying, but she was not spitefully bothersome. The reader should notice when the family passes by a cotton field, five or six graves are exposed, and conceivably, they foreshadow the near future. Some interesting dialogue takes place when John Wesley asks, Where's the plantation, and the grandmother replies, Gone with the Wind. This is perhaps another attempt by O'Connor to illustrate the breakdown of the familys absence of respect and reverence for the grandmothers old life. The family 's encounter with Red Sammy Butts serves as another outlet for O'Connor to express how trust and

Qualitative Research Designs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Qualitative Research Designs - Assignment Example The research design used by the researchers for this study is review of the existing literature because the aim of the researchers was to gain an insight into the issue and explore it in its depth. Qualitative research designs have always been used on a wide scale to conduct nursing related studies (Polit & Beck, 2012). The research design used for this particular study appears to be appropriate because review of the existing literature always provides some good amount of information that can be used for any qualitative studies. There were no apparent ethical issues for this research as the researchers did not involve general public. Rather they made use of the existing literature to base their conclusions. All literature used in the study is properly cited and referenced, thus, no issue of copyright exists as well. If the study design would have been quantitative, the researchers would have followed a systemic process to gather information. Moreover, there would also have been some test relationships and an analysis of the cause and effect relationships. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 20, â€Å"Qualitative Research Design and

Academic Pressures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Pressures - Essay Example Stress could begin at very early childhood years and continues into later years depending upon the life’s situations. Psychologists as well as academic professionals have identified that many students undergo immense stress even during schooling, which intensifies as the challenges increase with academic advancement. More often, teenagers and/or adolescents in high school and early college years are most prone to academic pressures because of the rapid shift in their curricula, studying atmosphere, competition as well as biological changes in the growth process. Academic pressures begin with stress caused by parental expectations, peer pressure, competition, strict timelines, difficult curricula etc. These factors are meant to induce learning, inculcate discipline and help students achieve their academic curricula within set timelines. On the other hand, all these or each of these stressors significantly impact students’ memory and thinking ability. As Hales stated, â⠂¬Ëœbecause of stress’s impact on memory, students with advanced skills may perform worse under exam pressure than their less skilled peers’ (63). In general, academic pressures tend to crush the inherent abilities of teenage students.

Guide to Mental Health Self-Help Support Group Experience Essay

Guide to Mental Health Self-Help Support Group Experience - Essay Example They touch the family, friends, and caregivers as well. How the symptoms are managed depends on a great degree on the amount of information provided by the mental health professional. In addition, the cultural perspective will often dictate the level of shame and stigma that must be overcome and how treatment will be provided. The medical model seeks to reinforce the importance of lifelong abstinence by encouraging the patient to attend counseling and twelve step groups. These support groups are frequently used as adjunctive interventions and are philosophically interwoven into many social and medical model treatment programs. Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) was founded in the 1930s by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith, two alcoholics who discovered that they could maintain their sobriety by helping other alcoholics. AA is often referred to as the most effective and widely utilized treatment for addictions (Royce, 1981) and this is the primary reason why our group chose this mental health support group. Aside from this, it is now an international self-help fellowship which offers support to all people who want to quit drinking. Narcotics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous and other anonymous support groups are structured on the AA model and utilizes its â€Å"Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions† as the basis of their recovery program. The fellowship and principles offered at meetings encourage individuals to remain sober by taking life â€Å"one day at a time† and to work toward spiritual development and character change. Alcoholics Anonymous currently has more than one million members in the United States with 52,000 groups while they have almost 100,000 members in Canada with 45,000 groups. They also have members outside US and Canada averaging 730,000 distributed in more than 45,000 groups. They have a total of 2,082,980 members and 105,294 groups in their organization including the loners and members in

Pay As You Earn (PAYE) System: Advantages and Disadvantages

Pay As You Earn (PAYE) System: Advantages and Disadvantages PAYE (Pay as you earn) was first introduced in year 1944. This is a system used by HMRC (HM Revenue Customs) to collect Income Tax and NICs (National Insurance contributions) from employees pay, including directors of limited companies, as they earn it. OPERATION OF PAYE SYSTEM Under PAYE system, employers are responsible to deduct both Income Tax and NICs from employee when paying them their wages or occupational pension. Employers are required to operate PAYE on the payments make to employee if the employees earnings reach the LEL (National Insurance Lower Earning Limit). For tax year 2010-11 (6th April 2010 to 5th April 2011), LEL is  £97 a week,  £421 a month or  £5,044 a year. The tax rate charged for earning not more than  £37,400 is at 20 percent, earnings more than  £37,400 but less than  £150,000 is at 40 percent and earning above  £150,000 is at 50 percent. A tax code and National Insurance category letter determines the amount of income tax and NICs deductable from employees wages or pension will be issue by HMRC. Employees with earning less than  £110 are exempted from making NICs. Employees with earning more than  £110 but less than  £844 per week will need to pay 11 percent and employees with earning is more than  £844 per week will need to pay 1 percent. Before the tax year starts, usually in January or February, forms P9T or P9X will be given to employers to tell them about the tax codes that to be use for each employee. In the event if HRMC do not have enough information to issue a full tax code to employers, employers will then be told to use the emergency tax code until more information is received and the tax code can be adjusted. A tax code is usually made up of one or more numbers followed by a letter. By multiply the number by ten, the employee will be able to obtain his total income earn in a tax year before any tax deduction. The employee will be getting the same take-home wages each week or month as the tax code spread this tax-free amount equally over the year. See appendix for the common tax letters. Any changes example, employee receiving a second income, employers are expected to inform HMRC accordingly, as this will affect the tax code. Employers were to provide each employee a pay-slip or pay statement at or before the payday and pay HMRC the income tax and NICs by 19th of each month or by the 22nd if payment is made through electronic. Employers whose payments to HMRC do not exceed an average of  £1,500 are allowed to make quarterly payments. If the correct amount was not send in or late sent in, interest may be charged. At the end of each tax year, 5th April 2011, form P60 stating the summary of the employees pay and deductions is to be provided before 1st June following the end of the tax year, 1st June 2011. After the end of the tax year, no later than 19th May 2011, employers must send HMRC the form P35 and P14s summarising the total payroll figures for the year. PROCEDURES WHEN TAXPAYER CHANGES JOB When one employee left their old job, a form P45-Details of employee leaving work should be given to him by his previous employer. Information for Part 1 and 2 must be completed. If the employees last day of work falls on 6th December 2010, this form should reflect the National Insurance number, tax code and total wages and tax as of 6th December 2010. This form P45 will be then given to the new employer when the employee joined onboard. Information for Part 3 will then be complete. The employee will be able to claim back the tax if he started the new job within four weeks after leaving the old job. This tax refunded will be made two to three weeks later if the employees wages is paid on a weekly basis, or included in the pay-slip if his wages is paid on a monthly basis In the event if no form P45 is given to the new employer, employee will need to complete the form P46-PAYE notice of new employee. HMRC will process the form P46 and revise the tax code if necessary. If too much tax is paid, employer will make the necessary refund. Form P46 is only necessary if employee is not a student whom works solely during their school holiday and employee is not working for one week or less. If first pay-day falls on the 1st January 2011, form P46 information must be provided by employee before his first pay-day and employer must send in the form (both form P45 or P46) not later than the employees first pay day, which is 1st January 2011. Although send in forms can be done online or paper form, it had been becoming compulsory for all employers to file the in-year forms online. In-year forms include form P45 and P46. Companies with more than 50 employees should already be filing their in-year forms online. They will be penalty if they file form P45 or P46 on papers. Companies with less than 50 employees are required to file their in-year forms online with effect from 6th April 2011. In the event If the employee decided to retire or stop working, he can claim back the tax payable from HMRC, by completing form P50-Claiming tax back when you have stopped working. COMPARE AND CONTRAST OF PAYE SYSTEM AND SELF-ASSESSMENT SYSTEM In the view of HMRC and a taxpayer, both PAYE system and self-assessment system works about the same as both systems are meant to use to identify employees and self-employed individuals incomes or pension in each tax year. Most employees in UK paid their tax due on their income or pensions to HMRC through PAYE system. However, employees like company director, even if they are already taxed through PAYE system, they will still required by law to complete a tax return. Employees whom earned proceeds from sales of certain assets (capital gain) will either need to inform employers so that they can include this income under PAYE system or they can complete a tax return. Beside the company director, self-employed individuals or trustee or individuals having foreign income will also be required to complete a tax return and inform HMRC about their incomes or profits. Both employers and self-employed individuals have to first register under HMRC before any tax submission or tax payments. Employers have to register under HMRCs PAYE online for employers service, while all self-employed individuals must register for self-assessment and obtain the tax return form. Self Assessment tax returns will be send out by HMRC in April each year (which is April 2011 for Tax Year 2010-11), for online filing, a letter called Notice to File will send instead. A Self Assessment registration form is need to be complete if individual has never file a tax return before. Although the PAYE system and self-assessment system operate in the similar way, the type of forms used under these two systems are different. Under PAYE system, employers are expected to send HMRC the form P35 and P14s summarising the total payroll figures for the employee for the year. Under the self-assessment system, different forms are being used. Being self-employed, individual has to complete form CWF1 to register and inform HMRC about their business nature. Being not self-employed, individual has to complete SA1 instead. The deadline for tax submission and payment for both systems are also difference. Under PAYE system, Under PAYE system, employers are to pay HMRC on a monthly basis, by 19th of each month or by the 22nd if payment is made through electronic, if tax amount is more than  £1,500. If tax amount is less than  £1,500, employers can pay HMRC on a quarterly instead of monthly basis. Under self-assessment system, for paper tax return, it must reach HMRC by midnight of 31st October. For online tax return must reach HMRC by midnight of 31st January. For example, tax year 2010-11, paper tax return deadline is 31st October 2010 and online filing is 31st January 2011. In term of tax payment, for tax year 2010-11, first payment falls on 31st January 2011, second payment falls on 31st July 2011, and the balance payments falls on 31st January 2012. Penalty will be charged if tax return is not received on time. Comparing the PAYE system with self-assessment system, tax payments for self-assessment are split into 3 payments, while under PAYE system payments are made either on monthly basis or quarterly basis. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PAYE SYSTEM AND SELF-ASSESSMENT SYSTEM No system is prefect, to a taxpayer or HMRC, PAYE system and self-assessment system has its own advantages and disadvantages. As a tax-payer under self assessment system, individuals benefit from the lower rate of NICs. Apart of this, under self-assessment system, self-employed individuals can enjoy the cash-flow advantage of not having paying their tax on a monthly basis as tax payments are split into three payments. However they will still face this split payment as disadvantage. This is so when the deadline date reaches 31st January. Under self-assessment, individuals need pay taxes for two tax years on 31st January, first payment for tax year 2010-11 and balance payment for tax year 2009-10. As a tax collector, self-assessment system helps to collect tax for benefits. A taxpayer whom is an employee of a company, he may entitle to some benefits like company car etc. This benefit is not included in the pay-slip therefore not taxed through PAYE system. With self-assessment system, taxpayer will need to include this benefit-in-kind. Under PAYE system, when employee changes job, form P45 is supposed to be provided by previous employer to employee. When form P45 is not issue, new employer will need to complete form P46. Often when new employer do not received the code notice or form P45 on time, it is possible that tax calculation will be incorrect. Another disadvantage of PAYE system is that, under PAYE system, forms P9T or P9X will be given to employers to tell them about the tax codes that to be use for each employee. However employee with more than one source of income tends to be confused of what tax code to be used. This will lead to incorrect deductions of tax for the taxpayer which resulted in either tax over-deducted or under-deducted. Also when a taxpayer turn from 65 or 75, he qualifies for age-related relief, tax code should change. For such cases, HMRC may or may not change the tax code automatically. If tax code is not change, taxpayer might ended up paying more tax. Based on the recent news released early year of 2010, due to the new PAYE system, wrong tax code was issued, which caused taxpayer paying more tax. Due to this incident, HMRC is trying to improve the operation of PAYE system.

Synthetic Model of Bioethical Inquiry :: Biology

Bioethics and the Synthetic Model of Bioethical Inquiry ABSTRACT: Bioethics, viewed as both a form of reflective practice and a developing discipline, is concerned with the moral aspects of health care practice and research. With its steady maturation in the domain of moral discourse, bioethics has presided over a number of questions about the nature of human illness and how problems imposed by illness can be understood in an age marked not only by progress, but also by the concomitant fear that such progress will outstrip our humanity and our dignity as persons. I discuss some of the current tensions and ambiguities inherent in the field of bioethics as it continues to mature. In particular I focus on the present tendency in bioethics to bifurcate ethical theory and practice. I analyze some of the dichotomies resulting from such bifurcation. Finally, I call for an approach to bioethical discourse defined by the rigor of systematic and critical thinking characteristic of ethical theory, the disciplined eloquence and persuasive power of rh etoric, and the principles of Renaissance humanism. A new model of bioethics is proposed, one that synthesizes the analytic functions of moral theory with the practical and therapeutic functions of rhetorical humanism; such a model bridges the divide between theory and practice. This synthetic model of bioethical inquiry emerges from both ancient and contemporary debates about the possibility and nature of moral knowledge as well as from the moral teachings of humanists and rhetoricians throughout the history of ideas. The bioethics field has had an impressive impact on public, professional, and personal life in the last twenty five years. Bioethics, viewed as both a form of reflective practice and a developing discipline, is concerned with the moral aspects of health care practice and research. With its steady maturation in the domain of moral discourse, the field of bioethics has presided over a number of questions about the nature of human illness and how the problems imposed by illness can be understood in an age marked not only by progress, but by the concomitant fear that such progress will outstrip our humanity and our dignity as persons. This paper attempts to sort out some of the current tensions and ambiguities inherent in the field of bioethics as it continues to mature. In particular it focuses on the present tendency in bioethics to bifurcate ethical theory and practice and analyzes some of the dichotomies which result from it.